Materials and Equipment for Foundation Repair

Materials and Equipment for Foundation Repair

Maintenance tips to prevent future foundation cracks and prolong the lifespan of repairs.

Overview of common foundation issues in residential properties and the need for timely repair.


When it comes to residential properties, the foundation is one of the most critical components. Epoxy injection is a common solution for foundation crack repair service foundation wall repair service load-bearing wall. It's the sturdy base upon which the entire structure is built. However, over time, foundations can develop issues that, if left unaddressed, can lead to significant problems. Recognizing common foundation issues and understanding the importance of timely repair is essential for homeowners. Equally important is knowing the materials and equipment required for effective foundation repair.

One of the most prevalent foundation issues is cracking. Whether it's hairline cracks or more significant fissures, these can allow water to seep into the foundation, leading to further deterioration. Another common problem is settling, where the foundation shifts or sinks due to soil movement. This can result in uneven floors, sticking doors, and other visible signs of distress.

Timely repair of foundation issues is crucial. Ignoring these problems can lead to more severe structural damage, decreased property value, and even safety hazards. When it comes to repairing foundations, several materials and equipment are commonly used.

One of the primary materials is concrete. Whether it's for filling cracks or pouring new sections, concrete is a versatile and durable choice. Epoxy injections are another popular method for crack repair. This involves injecting epoxy into cracks to seal them and restore the foundation's integrity.

Helical piers are often used to stabilize foundations that have settled. These steel piers are drilled deep into the ground until they reach stable soil or bedrock, then used to lift and level the foundation. Another essential piece of equipment is the jackhammer, which is used to remove damaged concrete and prepare the area for repair.

In conclusion, understanding common foundation issues and the need for timely repair is vital for homeowners. Equally important is being aware of the materials and equipment used in foundation repair. Whether it's concrete, epoxy injections, helical piers, or specialized equipment like jackhammers, these tools and materials play a crucial role in ensuring the longevity and safety of residential properties.

Discussion of the essential materials required for effective foundation repair, including concrete, sealants, and reinforcement materials.


When it comes to foundation repair, having the right materials and equipment is crucial for ensuring the stability and longevity of a structure. Foundation repair is a specialized field that requires a deep understanding of the materials involved and how they interact with one another. In this essay, we will discuss the essential materials required for effective foundation repair, including concrete, sealants, and reinforcement materials.

Concrete is one of the most important materials used in foundation repair. It is a versatile and durable material that can be used to fill voids, level uneven surfaces, and provide support for the foundation. When selecting concrete for foundation repair, it is important to choose a mix that is appropriate for the specific application. For example, a high-strength concrete mix may be necessary for repairing a foundation that is subject to heavy loads or high levels of moisture.

Sealants are another critical component of foundation repair. These materials are used to fill gaps, cracks, and other imperfections in the foundation, preventing water and other contaminants from seeping in and causing further damage. There are many different types of sealants available, including polyurethane, silicone, and epoxy. Each type has its own unique properties and benefits, so it is important to choose the right sealant for the specific application.

Reinforcement materials are also essential for effective foundation repair. These materials are used to provide additional support and stability to the foundation, helping to prevent further damage and prolong the life of the structure. Common reinforcement materials include steel rebar, fiberglass rods, and carbon fiber strips. These materials can be used to reinforce concrete, fill voids, and provide additional support for the foundation.

In addition to these essential materials, there are many other tools and equipment that are necessary for effective foundation repair. These may include jacks and shims for leveling the foundation, hydraulic lifts for raising and lowering the structure, and specialized drills and saws for cutting and shaping materials. It is important to have the right equipment on hand to ensure that the repair work is done safely and efficiently.

In conclusion, effective foundation repair requires a deep understanding of the materials and equipment involved. Concrete, sealants, and reinforcement materials are all essential components of a successful repair job, and it is important to choose the right materials for the specific application. With the right materials and equipment, it is possible to restore the stability and integrity of a foundation, ensuring the safety and longevity of the structure.

Examination of specialized equipment used in foundation repair, such as jacks, pumps, and drilling machinery.


When it comes to foundation repair, specialized equipment plays a crucial role in ensuring that the work is done efficiently and effectively. This essay will delve into the examination of some of the essential tools and machinery used in foundation repair, focusing on jacks, pumps, and drilling machinery.

Jacks are one of the most commonly used tools in foundation repair. They are employed to lift and level the foundation, especially when it has settled or shifted. Hydraulic jacks, in particular, are favored for their ability to provide a high amount of force with relatively little effort. They work by using hydraulic pressure to lift heavy objects, making them ideal for adjusting the position of a foundation. When examining jacks for foundation repair, it is essential to consider their load capacity, stroke length, and stability. A jack with a high load capacity can handle heavier foundations, while a longer stroke length allows for greater lifting height. Stability is also crucial to prevent the jack from tipping over during use.

Pumps are another vital piece of equipment in foundation repair. They are used to inject various materials, such as polyurethane foam or concrete, into the soil beneath the foundation to stabilize it. High-pressure pumps are often used for this purpose, as they can deliver the material with force, ensuring it reaches the desired depth. When examining pumps for foundation repair, factors such as flow rate, pressure capacity, and durability should be considered. A pump with a high flow rate can inject material more quickly, while a higher pressure capacity ensures that the material can be delivered to the required depth. Durability is also important, as the pump will be subjected to harsh conditions during use.

Drilling machinery is essential for accessing the soil beneath the foundation and installing support systems, such as piers or helical anchors. Rotary drills are commonly used for this purpose, as they can create precise holes in the soil. When examining drilling machinery for foundation repair, it is important to consider the drill's depth capacity, torque, and versatility. A drill with a high depth capacity can reach deeper into the soil, while a higher torque allows it to penetrate harder materials. Versatility is also crucial, as different projects may require different drill bit sizes or types.

In conclusion, the examination of specialized equipment used in foundation repair, such as jacks, pumps, and drilling machinery, is vital to ensure that the work is done safely and effectively. By considering factors such as load capacity, flow rate, and depth capacity, professionals can select the appropriate tools for each project, ultimately leading to a more stable and secure foundation.

Explanation of the role of materials and equipment in ensuring the durability and longevity of foundation repairs.


Certainly!

When it comes to foundation repair, the materials and equipment used play a pivotal role in ensuring the durability and longevity of the repair work. Just as the foundation is the backbone of a structure, the quality and appropriateness of the materials and equipment employed in its repair are crucial for the overall stability and lifespan of the building.

Firstly, the materials used in foundation repair must be of high quality and suitable for the specific type of foundation and the environmental conditions it will face. For instance, in areas prone to moisture, materials resistant to water damage and corrosion are essential. Commonly used materials include hydraulic cement, polyurethane foam, and epoxy injections. Hydraulic cement is often utilized for its ability to set hard even under water, making it ideal for repairing leaks. Polyurethane foam, on the other hand, is favored for its expansive properties, which allow it to fill voids and stabilize the foundation. Epoxy injections are typically used for crack repairs due to their strong adhesive properties and resistance to chemicals and water.

Equipment is equally critical in the foundation repair process. The right tools ensure that repairs are done efficiently and effectively. For instance, jacks and brackets are used to lift and stabilize the foundation, while drills and injection pumps are necessary for delivering materials into the foundation. Advanced equipment like laser levels ensures precision in aligning and leveling the foundation, which is vital for the structural integrity of the building.

Moreover, the use of modern equipment often allows for less invasive repair methods. Techniques such as helical pier installation, which involves driving steel piers into the ground to support the foundation, minimize disruption to the surrounding area and can be done with greater accuracy thanks to technological advancements in equipment.

In conclusion, the role of materials and equipment in foundation repair cannot be overstated. They are the linchpins that ensure the repair is not only effective in the short term but also durable and long-lasting. By choosing the right materials and employing the appropriate equipment, professionals can ensure that the foundation – and consequently, the entire structure – remains stable and secure for years to come.

Overview of safety considerations when handling materials and operating equipment during foundation repair projects.


When tackling foundation repair projects, safety should always be the top priority. This is crucial not only to protect workers but also to ensure the success and durability of the repair work. Handling materials and operating equipment in such environments comes with its own set of challenges and risks. Therefore, an overview of the key safety considerations is essential.

Firstly, understanding the materials involved is paramount. Foundation repair often requires the use of heavy-duty materials such as concrete, steel reinforcements, and chemical admixtures. Each of these materials has its own set of handling precautions. For instance, concrete can be extremely heavy and cumbersome, necessitating the use of proper lifting techniques and equipment to avoid strains or accidents. Similarly, steel reinforcements must be handled with care to prevent cuts or punctures. Chemical admixtures, while useful for enhancing the properties of concrete, may require protective gear to avoid skin or respiratory irritation.

Secondly, the operation of equipment is another critical area where safety measures must be stringently followed. Foundation repair projects often involve the use of jackhammers, excavators, and concrete pumps, among other machinery. Operators must be well-trained and certified to handle these machines. Regular maintenance checks should be performed to ensure that all equipment is in optimal working condition. Additionally, safety guards and barriers should be in place to prevent accidents. For instance, concrete pumps should have proper nozzle guards to prevent splatter, and jackhammers should be equipped with vibration-dampening features to reduce operator fatigue and risk of injury.

Environmental factors also play a significant role in safety considerations. Weather conditions can affect both the materials and the operation of equipment. For example, wet or icy conditions can make surfaces slippery, increasing the risk of falls. High winds can affect the stability of scaffolding and other elevated work platforms. Therefore, it's essential to monitor weather forecasts and adjust work schedules or safety protocols accordingly.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is non-negotiable in foundation repair projects. This includes hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility clothing, steel-toed boots, and gloves. Respiratory protection may also be necessary when dealing with dust or fumes from cutting and grinding operations. Ensuring that all workers are equipped with the appropriate PPE and know how to use it correctly is a fundamental safety practice.

Lastly, communication and training are vital components of a safe work environment. Regular safety meetings should be held to discuss potential hazards, review safety protocols, and address any concerns raised by workers. Ongoing training sessions can help keep everyone updated on the latest safety practices and equipment operations.

In summary, the overview of safety considerations when handling materials and operating equipment during foundation repair projects encompasses a multi-faceted approach. It involves understanding the materials, proper operation of equipment, environmental awareness, mandatory use of PPE, and consistent communication and training. By adhering to these safety guidelines, we can ensure a safer work environment and the successful completion of foundation repair projects.

Case studies or examples showcasing successful residential foundation repairs using specific materials and equipment.


When it comes to residential foundation repairs, choosing the right materials and equipment can make all the difference between a temporary fix and a long-lasting solution. Several case studies and examples demonstrate the effectiveness of specific materials and equipment in achieving successful outcomes.

One notable case involves a residential property in Texas that experienced significant foundation settlement due to expansive clay soils. The repair team opted for polyurethane foam injection, a method known for its efficiency and minimal invasiveness. By injecting the foam beneath the settled areas, they were able to lift the foundation back to its original position. The use of polyurethane foam not only provided immediate results but also offered long-term stability, as the foam expands and contracts with soil movement, accommodating future shifts.

Another example is the use of helical piers in a home located in Florida. Helical piers, also known as screw piles, are steel columns with helical blades that are screwed into the ground until they reach load-bearing strata. In this particular case, the foundation had begun to crack due to soil erosion caused by heavy rainfall. The installation of helical piers not only stabilized the existing foundation but also provided additional support, ensuring the home remained secure against future environmental challenges. The piers were able to transfer the load of the house to deeper, more stable soil layers, effectively solving the issue.

In a different scenario, a historic home in New England required foundation repairs due to wooden pilings that had deteriorated over time. The repair team chose to use carbon fiber strips, a modern material known for its strength and durability. These strips were applied to the interior walls of the foundation, providing additional reinforcement without the need for extensive excavation. The use of carbon fiber strips allowed for a non-invasive repair method that preserved the home's historical integrity while ensuring its structural soundness.

Lastly, a residential property in California faced foundation issues due to seismic activity. The repair crew employed base isolators, specialized equipment designed to absorb seismic energy and reduce the impact of earthquakes on a structure. By installing these isolators between the foundation and the superstructure, they effectively decoupled the building from ground motion, significantly enhancing its resilience against future seismic events.

These case studies illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate materials and equipment for residential foundation repairs. Whether it's polyurethane foam, helical piers, carbon fiber strips, or base isolators, the right choice can lead to successful, long-lasting repairs that ensure the safety and stability of homes for years to come.



Not to be confused with Zoning laws.

 

Code Violation: This fire-rated concrete block wall is penetrated by cable trays and electrical cables. The hole should be firestopped to restore the fire-resistance rating of the wall. Instead, it is filled with flammable polyurethane foam.

A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a set of rules that specify the standards for construction objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures — for example, the building codes in many countries require engineers to consider the effects of soil liquefaction in the design of new buildings.[1] The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority.[2]

Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, interior designers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants, and others. Codes regulate the design and construction of structures where adopted into law.

Examples of building codes began in ancient times.[3] In the USA the main codes are the International Building Code or International Residential Code [IBC/IRC], electrical codes and plumbing, mechanical codes. Fifty states and the District of Columbia have adopted the I-Codes at the state or jurisdictional level.[4] In Canada, national model codes are published by the National Research Council of Canada.[5] In the United Kingdom, compliance with Building Regulations is monitored by building control bodies, either Approved Inspectors or Local Authority Building Control departments. Building Control regularisation charges apply in case work is undertaken which should have had been inspected at the time of the work if this was not done.[6]

Types

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The practice of developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies considerably among nations. In some countries building codes are developed by the government agencies or quasi-governmental standards organizations and then enforced across the country by the central government. Such codes are known as the national building codes (in a sense they enjoy a mandatory nationwide application).

In other countries, where the power of regulating construction and fire safety is vested in local authorities, a system of model building codes is used. Model building codes have no legal status unless adopted or adapted by an authority having jurisdiction. The developers of model codes urge public authorities to reference model codes in their laws, ordinances, regulations, and administrative orders. When referenced in any of these legal instruments, a particular model code becomes law. This practice is known as 'adoption by reference'. When an adopting authority decides to delete, add, or revise any portions of the model code adopted, it is usually required by the model code developer to follow a formal adoption procedure in which those modifications can be documented for legal purposes.

There are instances when some local jurisdictions choose to develop their own building codes. At some point in time all major cities in the United States had their own building codes. However, due to ever increasing complexity and cost of developing building regulations, virtually all municipalities in the country have chosen to adopt model codes instead. For example, in 2008 New York City abandoned its proprietary 1968 New York City Building Code in favor of a customized version of the International Building Code.[7] The City of Chicago remains the only municipality in America that continues to use a building code the city developed on its own as part of the Municipal Code of Chicago.

In Europe, the Eurocode: Basis of structural design, is a pan-European building code that has superseded the older national building codes. Each country now has National Annexes to localize the contents of the Eurocodes.

Similarly, in India, each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code,[8] which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity.

Scope

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The purpose of building codes is to provide minimum standards for safety, health, and general welfare including structural integrity, mechanical integrity (including sanitation, water supply, light, and ventilation), means of egress, fire prevention and control, and energy conservation.[9][10] Building codes generally include:

  • Standards for structure, placement, size, usage, wall assemblies, fenestration size/locations, egress rules, size/location of rooms, foundations, floor assemblies, roof structures/assemblies, energy efficiency, stairs and halls, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, site drainage & storage, appliance, lighting, fixtures standards, occupancy rules, and swimming pool regulations
  • Rules regarding parking and traffic impact
  • Fire code rules to minimize the risk of a fire and to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency[citation needed]
  • Requirements for earthquake (seismic code), hurricane, flood, and tsunami resistance, especially in disaster prone areas or for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic[citation needed]
  • Requirements for specific building uses (for example, storage of flammable substances, or housing a large number of people)
  • Energy provisions and consumption
  • Grandfather clauses: Unless the building is being renovated, the building code usually does not apply to existing buildings.
  • Specifications on components
  • Allowable installation methodologies
  • Minimum and maximum room ceiling heights, exit sizes and location
  • Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work
  • For high structures, anti-collision markers for the benefit of aircraft

Building codes are generally separate from zoning ordinances, but exterior restrictions (such as setbacks) may fall into either category.

Designers use building code standards out of substantial reference books during design. Building departments review plans submitted to them before construction, issue permits [or not] and inspectors verify compliance to these standards at the site during construction.

There are often additional codes or sections of the same building code that have more specific requirements that apply to dwellings or places of business and special construction objects such as canopies, signs, pedestrian walkways, parking lots, and radio and television antennas.

Criticism

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Building codes have been criticized for contributing to housing crisis and increasing the cost of new housing to some extent, including through conflicting code between different administrators.[11] Proposed improvements include regular review and cost-benefit analysis of building codes,[12] promotion of low-cost construction materials and building codes suitable to mass production,[11] reducing bureaucracy, and promoting transparency.[13]

History

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Antiquity

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Building codes have a long history. The earliest known written building code is included in the Code of Hammurabi,[3] which dates from circa 1772 BC.

The book of Deuteronomy in the Hebrew Bible stipulated that parapets must be constructed on all houses to prevent people from falling off.[14]

In the Chinese book of rites it mentions that ancestral temples and houses should be a certain standard length in ancient China they measured land in the chu or well field system so it was important to be precise though most of the actual lengths are lost or obscure.[15][16]

In ancient Japan a certain official destroyed a courtiers house because the size was above his rank.[17]

Modern era

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France

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In Paris, under the reconstruction of much of the city under the Second Empire (1852–70), great blocks of apartments were erected[18] and the height of buildings was limited by law to five or six stories at most.

United Kingdom

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After the Great Fire of London in 1666, which had been able to spread so rapidly through the densely built timber housing of the city, the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 was passed in the same year as the first significant building regulation.[19] Drawn up by Sir Matthew Hale, the act regulated the rebuilding of the city, required housing to have some fire resistance capacity and authorised the City of London Corporation to reopen and widen roads.[20] The Laws of the Indies were passed in the 1680s by the Spanish Crown to regulate the urban planning for colonies throughout Spain's worldwide imperial possessions.

The first systematic national building standard was established with the Metropolitan Buildings Act 1844. Among the provisions, builders were required to give the district surveyor two days' notice before building, regulations regarding the thickness of walls, height of rooms, the materials used in repairs, the dividing of existing buildings and the placing and design of chimneys, fireplaces and drains were to be enforced and streets had to be built to minimum requirements.[21]

The Metropolitan Buildings Office was formed to regulate the construction and use of buildings throughout London. Surveyors were empowered to enforce building regulations, which sought to improve the standard of houses and business premises, and to regulate activities that might threaten public health. In 1855 the assets, powers and responsibilities of the office passed to the Metropolitan Board of Works.

United States

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The City of Baltimore passed its first building code in 1891.[22] The Great Baltimore Fire occurred in February 1904. Subsequent changes were made that matched other cities.[23] In 1904, a Handbook of the Baltimore City Building Laws was published. It served as the building code for four years. Very soon, a formal building code was drafted and eventually adopted in 1908.

The structural failure of the tank that caused the Great Molasses Flood of 1919 prompted the Boston Building Department to require engineering and architectural calculations be filed and signed. U.S. cities and states soon began requiring sign-off by registered professional engineers for the plans of major buildings.[24]

More recently, the 2015 Berkeley balcony collapse has prompted updates to California's balcony building codes, set for 2025, which include stricter material requirements, enhanced load-bearing standards, and mandatory inspections which known as SB326 and SB721.[25]These laws mandate regular inspections every six years for multifamily buildings. Property owners and HOAs are required to address any structural or waterproofing issues identified during inspections to ensure compliance and safety. Failure to comply can result in fines, increased liability, and legal consequences. The updates aim to prevent tragedies like the Berkeley collapse, which was caused by dry rot and structural failure, by ensuring the long-term safety and durability of elevated structures.[26]

Energy codes
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The current energy codes[clarification needed] of the United States are adopted at the state and municipal levels and are based on the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). Previously, they were based on the Model Energy Code (MEC). As of March 2017, the following residential codes have been partially or fully adopted by states:[27]

  • 2015 IECC or equivalent (California, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, Washington)
  • 2012 IECC or equivalent (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, Nevada, Rhode Island, Texas)
  • 2009 IECC or equivalent (Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin)
  • 2006 IECC or equivalent (Utah)
  • 2006 IECC or no statewide code (Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming)

Australia

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Australia uses the National Construction Code.

See also

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  • Building officials
  • Construction law
  • Earthquake-resistant structures
  • Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants
  • Outline of construction
  • Seismic code
  • Uniform Mechanical Code
  • Variance (land use) – permission to vary zoning and sometimes building to code

References

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  1. ^ CEN (2004). EN1998-5:2004 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization.
  2. ^ Ching, Francis D. K.; Winkel, Steven R. (22 March 2016). Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2015 International Building Code. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-15095-4.
  3. ^ a b "Hammurabi's Code of Laws". eawc.evansville.edu. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  4. ^ "About ICC". www.iccsafe.org. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  5. ^ Canada, Government of Canada. National Research Council. "Codes Canada - National Research Council Canada". www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  6. ^ Northampton Borough Council, Building Control - regularisation charges www.northampton.gov.uk Archived 11 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 15 March 2021
  7. ^ NYC Construction Codes www.nyc.gov Archived 2 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ National Building Code www.bis.org.in
  9. ^ Hageman, Jack M., and Brian E. P. Beeston. Contractor's guide to the building code. 6th ed. Carlsbad, CA: Craftsman Book Co., 2008. 10. Print.
  10. ^ Wexler, Harry J., and Richard Peck. Housing and local government: a research guide for policy makers and planners. Lexington, Mass. u.a.: Lexington Books, 1974. 53. Print.
  11. ^ a b Listokin, David; Hattis, David B. (2005). "Building Codes and Housing". Cityscape. 8 (1). US Department of Housing and Urban Development: 21–67. ISSN 1936-007X. JSTOR 20868571. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  12. ^ Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie; Wilkinson, Suzanne (3 February 2022). "Why amending building codes? An investigation of the benefits of regular building code amendment in New Zealand". International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 40 (1): 76–100. doi:10.1108/IJBPA-08-2020-0068. ISSN 2398-4708.
  13. ^ Nwadike, Amarachukwu; Wilkinson, Suzanne (2021). "Promoting Performance-Based Building Code Compliance in New Zealand". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 35 (4). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001603. ISSN 0887-3828.
  14. ^ Deuteronomy 22:8
  15. ^ Confucius (29 August 2016). Delphi Collected Works of Confucius - Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-052-0.
  16. ^ Mencius (28 October 2004). Mencius. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190268-5.
  17. ^ Shonagon, Sei (30 November 2006). The Pillow Book. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190694-2.
  18. ^ New International Encyclopedia
  19. ^ 'Charles II, 1666: An Act for rebuilding the City of London.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80 (1819), pp. 603–12. URL: british-history.ac.uk, date accessed: 8 March 2007.
  20. ^ 'Book 1, Ch. 15: From the Fire to the death of Charles II', A New History of London: Including Westminster and Southwark (1773), pp. 230–55. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=46732. Date accessed: 7 March 2007.
  21. ^ "A Brief History of Building Regulations". www.npt.gov.uk.
  22. ^ Baltimore (Md.) (1891). Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore ... – via books.google.com.
  23. ^ Baltimore: The Building of an American City, Sherry H. Olson, Published 1997, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (Md.), ISBN 0-8018-5640-X, p. 248.
  24. ^ Puleo, Stephen (2004). Dark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-5021-0.
  25. ^ "SB 721- CHAPTERED". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  26. ^ gh, amir (18 December 2024). "California Balcony Building Code Updates 2025 - DrBalcony". Retrieved 15 January 2025.cite web: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ "Residential Code Status | The Building Codes Assistance Project". bcapcodes.org. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Building and Fire Code Violations.
  • IAPMO Website
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Basement waterproofing involves techniques and materials used to prevent water from penetrating the basement of a house or a building. Waterproofing a basement that is below ground level can require the application of sealant materials, the installation of drains and sump pumps, and more.

Purpose

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Waterproofing is usually required by building codes for structures that are built at or below ground level. Waterproofing and drainage considerations are especially important in cases where ground water is likely to build up in the soil or where there is a high water table.

Water in the soil causes hydrostatic pressure to be exerted underneath basement floors and walls. This hydrostatic pressure can force water in through cracks, which can cause major structural damage as well as mold, decay, and other moisture-related problems.

Methods

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Several measures exist to prevent water from penetrating a basement foundation or to divert water that has penetrated a foundation:

  • French Drain
    French drain
    Interior wall and floor sealers
  • Interior water drainage
  • Exterior drainage
  • Exterior waterproofing coatings
  • Box type waterproofing[1]
  • Foundation crack injections
  • French drains
  • Sump pump

Interior sealants

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In poured concrete foundations, cracks and pipe penetrations are the most common entry points for seepage. These openings can be sealed from the interior. Epoxies, which are strong adhesives, or urethanes can be pressure injected into the openings, thus penetrating the foundation through to the exterior and cutting off the path of the seepage.

In masonry foundations, interior sealers will not provide permanent protection from water infiltration where hydrostatic pressure is present. However, interior sealers are good for preventing high atmospheric humidity inside the basement from absorbing into the porous masonry and causing spalling. Spalling is a condition where constant high humidity or moisture breaks down masonry surfaces, causing deterioration and shedding of the concrete surfaces.

Other coatings can be effective where condensation is the main source of wetness. It is also effective if the problem has minor dampness. Usually, interior waterproofing will not stop major leaks.

Interior water drainage

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Although interior water drainage is not technically waterproofing, it is a widely accepted technique in mitigating basement water and is generally referred to as a basement waterproofing solution. Many interior drainage systems are patented and recognized by Building Officials and Code Administrators(BOCA) as being effective in controlling basement water.

A common system for draining water that has penetrated a basement involves creating a channel around the perimeter of the basement alongside the foundation footers. A French drain, PVC pipe, or other drainage system is installed in the newly made channel. The installed drain is covered with new cement.

The drainage system collects any water entering the basement and drains it to an internally placed sump pump system, which will then pump the water out of the basement. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends basement waterproofing with a water alarm and "battery-operated backup pump" as a preventive measure against the high cost of flooding.[2] Wall conduits (such as dimple boards or other membranes) are fastened to the foundation wall and extend over the new drainage to guide any moisture down into the system.

Exterior waterproofing

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Waterproofing a structure from the exterior is the only method the U.S. International Building Code (IBC) recognizes as adequate to prevent structural damage caused by water intrusion.

Waterproofing an existing basement begins with excavating to the bottom sides of the footings. Once excavated, the walls are then power washed and allowed to dry. The dry walls are sealed with a waterproofing membrane,[3] and new drainage tiles (weeping tiles) are placed at the side of the footing.

A French drain, PVC pipe, or other drainage system is installed and water is led further from the basement.

Polymer

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Over the past ten years, polymer-based waterproofing products have been developed. Polymer-based products last for the lifetime of the building and are not affected by soil pH. Polymer-based waterproofing materials can be sprayed directly onto a wall, are very fast curing, and are semi-flexible, allowing for some movement of the substrate.

Causes of water seepage and leaks

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Water seepage in basement and crawl spaces usually occurs over long periods of time and can be caused by numerous factors.

  • Concrete is one of the most commonly used materials in home construction. When pockets of air are not removed during construction, or the mixture is not allowed to cure properly, the concrete can crack, which allows water to force its way through the wall.
  • Foundations (footings) are horizontal pads that define the perimeter of foundation walls. When footings are too narrow or are not laid deep enough, they are susceptible to movement caused by soil erosion.
  • Gutters and downspouts are used to catch rain water as it falls and to discharge it away from houses and buildings. When gutters are clogged or downspouts are broken, rainwater is absorbed by the soil near the foundation, increasing hydrostatic pressure.
  • Weeping tile is a porous plastic drain pipe installed around the perimeter of the house. The main purpose of external weeping tile is preventing water from getting into a basement. However, these pipes can become clogged or damaged, which causes excess water to put pressure on internal walls and basement floors.
  • Water build up inside window wells, after heavy rain or snow, can lead to leaks through basement window seams. Window well covers can be used to prevent water from accumulating in the window well.
  • Ground saturation is another common form of basement leaks. When the footing drain fails the ground around the basement can contain too much water and when the saturation point is met flooding can occur.

Warning signs of water damage

[edit]

Signs that water is seeping into a basement or crawlspace often take years to develop and may not be easily visible. Over time, multiple signs of damage may become evident and could lead to structural failure.

  • Cracked walls: Cracks may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or stair-stepped. Severe pressure or structural damage is evident by widening cracks.
  • Buckling walls: Usually caused by hydrostatic pressure. Walls appear to be bowed inward.
  • Peeling paint: Water seeping through walls may lead to bubbling or peeling paint along basement walls.[4]
  • Efflorescence: White, powdery residue found on basement walls near the floor.
  • Mold: Fungi that usually grow in damp, dark areas and can cause respiratory problems after prolonged exposure.

Foundation crack injections

[edit]

Foundation crack injections are used when poured concrete foundations crack, either from settlement or the expansion and contraction of the concrete. Epoxy crack injections are typically used for structural purposes while hydrophobic or hydrophilic polyurethane injections are used to seal cracks to prevent penetration of moisture or water. Concrete is both strong and inexpensive, making it an ideal product in construction. However, concrete is not waterproof.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Waheed, M. A. (11 July 2014). "Top tips to optimally use conventional waterproofing techniques". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  2. ^ "FloodSmart | How to Prepare for a Flood and Minimize Losses". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  3. ^ Carter, Tim. "How to redirect water around a damp garage". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  4. ^ Chodorov, Jill. "Basement flooding may put a damper on your home sale". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
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Reviews for

Jeffery James

(5)

Very happy with my experience. They were prompt and followed through, and very helpful in fixing the crack in my foundation.

Sarah McNeily

(5)

USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

Jim de Leon

(5)

It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

Chris Abplanalp

(5)

USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

Dave Kari

(5)

What a fantastic experience! Owner Rick Thomas is a trustworthy professional. Nick and the crew are hard working, knowledgeable and experienced. I interviewed every company in the area, big and small. A homeowner never wants to hear that they have foundation issues. Out of every company, I trusted USS the most, and it paid off in the end. Highly recommend.

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