Emphasizing Precision in Hydraulic Jack Operations

Emphasizing Precision in Hydraulic Jack Operations

Overview of hydraulic jacks and their role in foundation repair services.


Hydraulic jacks are essential tools in the realm of foundation repair services, offering a reliable means to lift and stabilize structures that have settled or shifted. Financing options make foundation repair service more accessible for homeowners professional foundation repair service home insurance. These powerful devices utilize hydraulic pressure to create significant force, enabling precise adjustments that are crucial for restoring a building's foundation to its original position. Understanding the role of hydraulic jacks and emphasizing precision in their operation is key to ensuring successful and long-lasting foundation repairs.

At the core of hydraulic jacks is the principle of fluid mechanics. When hydraulic fluid is pressurized, it transmits force through a piston, allowing the jack to lift heavy loads with relative ease. This mechanism is particularly valuable in foundation repair, where uneven settling can lead to cracks, tilts, and other structural issues. By carefully applying hydraulic pressure, technicians can raise the affected areas of a foundation to the desired level, correcting misalignments and redistributing weight more evenly.

Precision is paramount when operating hydraulic jacks in foundation repair. Each jack must be positioned accurately to ensure that the lift is uniform across the structure. This requires a thorough assessment of the foundation's condition, identifying the exact points where lifting is needed. Technicians must also consider the type of soil and the load-bearing capacity of the ground, as these factors influence how the jacks will perform.

During the lifting process, constant monitoring is essential. Technicians use various tools and measurements to track the elevation of the foundation, making adjustments as necessary to achieve the desired outcome. This meticulous approach helps prevent over-lifting or under-lifting, both of which can lead to further complications. Additionally, precision in hydraulic jack operations ensures that the structural integrity of the building is maintained, minimizing the risk of additional damage.

In conclusion, hydraulic jacks play a critical role in foundation repair services, providing the force needed to lift and stabilize structures. Emphasizing precision in their operation is vital to achieving successful repairs that are both effective and durable. By carefully assessing the foundation, positioning the jacks accurately, and monitoring the lifting process, technicians can ensure that the structure is restored to its proper alignment, safeguarding the building for years to come.

Key factors influencing the precision of hydraulic jack operations.


Emphasizing Precision in Hydraulic Jack Operations: Key Factors Influencing Precision

In the realm of hydraulic jack operations, precision is paramount. Whether it's lifting heavy machinery, supporting structural components during construction, or facilitating repairs, the accuracy of hydraulic jack operations can greatly impact the success and safety of the task at hand. Several key factors influence the precision of hydraulic jack operations, each deserving careful consideration and attention.

First and foremost, the condition and maintenance of the hydraulic jack itself play a crucial role in ensuring precision. Regular inspection and maintenance routines are essential to identify and address any wear, leaks, or malfunctions that could compromise the jack's performance. A well-maintained hydraulic jack is more likely to operate smoothly and accurately, minimizing the risk of unexpected failures or inaccuracies during operation.

Another critical factor is the proper selection and sizing of the hydraulic jack for the intended application. Choosing a jack with the appropriate load capacity, stroke length, and speed is essential to achieve the desired level of precision. Using a jack that is either undersized or oversized for the task can lead to inefficiencies, instability, and potential safety hazards, undermining the precision of the operation.

Furthermore, the skill and expertise of the operator significantly impact the precision of hydraulic jack operations. Proper training and experience are essential for operators to understand the nuances of hydraulic systems, interpret load requirements accurately, and execute maneuvers with precision. Operators must be proficient in reading pressure gauges, adjusting flow rates, and monitoring jack movement to ensure optimal performance and safety.

Additionally, environmental factors such as temperature, terrain, and load distribution can influence the precision of hydraulic jack operations. Extreme temperatures can affect the viscosity of hydraulic fluid, impacting the jack's performance and precision. Uneven terrain or irregular load distribution may require operators to make adjustments in real-time to maintain stability and accuracy during lifting or positioning tasks.

In conclusion, achieving precision in hydraulic jack operations requires a multifaceted approach that considers equipment maintenance, proper selection and sizing, operator skill, and environmental factors. By addressing these key factors with diligence and attention to detail, operators can enhance the precision, efficiency, and safety of hydraulic jack operations across a wide range of applications.

Importance of proper assessment and diagnosis before using hydraulic jacks.


In the realm of hydraulic jack operations, precision is not merely a preference but a necessity. This necessity is underscored by the importance of proper assessment and diagnosis before utilizing these powerful tools. Hydraulic jacks, when used correctly, offer immense benefits in terms of lifting heavy loads with relative ease. However, their misuse can lead to catastrophic failures, posing significant risks to both personnel and equipment.

First and foremost, a thorough assessment of the work environment is crucial. This involves evaluating the stability of the ground or platform where the jack will be placed. Unstable surfaces can lead to uneven distribution of weight, causing the jack to tip over or malfunction. Additionally, assessing the immediate surroundings for obstacles or potential hazards ensures that the lifting operation can be conducted safely without interference.

Equally important is the diagnosis of the hydraulic jack itself before use. This includes checking for any visible signs of wear and tear, leaks in the hydraulic fluid, or damage to the seals and pistons. A jack that appears compromised in any way should not be used, as it could fail under load, leading to dangerous situations. Regular maintenance and inspection schedules should be adhered to, ensuring that any issues are identified and rectified promptly.

Furthermore, understanding the load capacity of the hydraulic jack is essential. Overloading a jack beyond its specified limits can result in structural failure, not only damaging the equipment but also endangering lives. Operators must be well-versed in the specifications of the jack they are using and should never exceed its rated capacity.

In conclusion, the importance of proper assessment and diagnosis before using hydraulic jacks cannot be overstated. Emphasizing precision in these operations ensures safety, efficiency, and longevity of the equipment. It is a commitment to excellence that safeguards both human lives and the integrity of the work being performed.

Step-by-step guide to operating hydraulic jacks with precision.


Operating hydraulic jacks with precision is crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency, and the longevity of both the equipment and the personnel involved. This guide will walk you through the essential steps to master the operation of hydraulic jacks, highlighting the importance of precision at each stage.

First and foremost, understanding the specifications and capabilities of your hydraulic jack is vital. Each jack has its unique load capacity, height range, and hydraulic fluid requirements. Before starting any operation, thoroughly read the manufacturer's manual to familiarize yourself with these details. Precision begins with selecting the right jack for the job, ensuring it can handle the intended load without overexertion.

Next, prepare the work area. Ensure the surface is stable and level to prevent any unexpected movement during operation. Clear away any obstacles that could interfere with the jack's movement or pose a safety hazard. Precision in preparation minimizes the risk of accidents and ensures a smooth operation.

Inspect the hydraulic jack before use. Check for any visible signs of damage, leaks, or wear on the equipment. Ensure all connections are secure and the hydraulic fluid levels are adequate. Precision in maintenance and inspection can prevent malfunctions and ensure the jack operates efficiently.

When positioning the jack, precision is key. Place the jack directly under the load point to ensure even distribution of weight. Use appropriate pads or beams to protect both the jack and the object being lifted. Misalignment can lead to instability and potential failure, so take your time to position the jack correctly.

Operating the hydraulic jack requires a steady hand and a keen eye. Begin by slowly pumping the handle or activating the hydraulic pump. Monitor the jack's movement closely, ensuring it lifts smoothly and without jerking. Precision in this step prevents damage to the load and reduces the risk of accidents.

Once the desired height is reached, secure the load immediately. Use chocks, wedges, or other stabilizing devices to prevent any movement. Precision in securing the load is essential for maintaining stability throughout the operation.

Throughout the lifting process, continuously monitor the hydraulic jack for any signs of distress. Listen for unusual noises, watch for leaks, and feel for any irregularities in the pumping action. Precision in monitoring allows you to address issues promptly, preventing potential failures.

When lowering the load, operate the jack with the same precision used during lifting. Slowly release the pressure, ensuring the load descends smoothly and evenly. Avoid rapid movements that could cause the load to shift or the jack to malfunction.

After completing the operation, inspect the hydraulic jack again for any signs of damage or fluid leaks. Properly store the jack in a clean, dry place to prevent corrosion and maintain its condition for future use. Precision in post-operation care ensures the longevity and reliability of your hydraulic jack.

In conclusion, emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations is not just about following steps-it's about cultivating a mindset of careful attention to detail, safety, and efficiency. By adhering to these guidelines, you can operate hydraulic jacks with confidence, ensuring both the success of your tasks and the safety of those involved.

Common mistakes to avoid when using hydraulic jacks in foundation repair.


When it comes to foundation repair, the use of hydraulic jacks is indispensable. These powerful tools help in lifting and stabilizing structures, ensuring that the foundation is restored to its proper position. However, despite their utility, there are common mistakes that operators often make when using hydraulic jacks. Emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations is crucial to avoid these pitfalls and ensure the success and safety of the repair process.

One of the most common mistakes is improper placement of the hydraulic jack. Placing the jack on an unstable or uneven surface can lead to uneven lifting, which may cause further damage to the foundation. It's essential to ensure that the jack is positioned on a solid, level surface to distribute the load evenly. Additionally, using shims or wooden planks can help create a stable base if the ground is uneven.

Another frequent error is overloading the hydraulic jack. Each jack has a specified weight limit, and exceeding this limit can result in equipment failure or even catastrophic collapse. Operators must carefully calculate the weight of the structure being lifted and choose a jack with an appropriate load capacity. It's also wise to use multiple jacks for heavier loads to distribute the weight more effectively.

Inadequate inspection of the hydraulic jack before use is another critical mistake. Hydraulic jacks should be thoroughly checked for any signs of wear, leaks, or damage. A damaged jack can fail under pressure, posing a significant risk to both the structure and the operators. Regular maintenance and inspection routines should be established to ensure that all equipment is in optimal working condition.

Improper operation of the hydraulic jack is yet another common issue. Rushing the lifting process or using excessive force can lead to sudden, uncontrolled movements. It's important to operate the jack slowly and steadily, making small adjustments as needed. This methodical approach allows for better control and precision, reducing the risk of accidents.

Lastly, failing to communicate effectively within the team can lead to mistakes. Foundation repair is often a team effort, and clear communication among all team members is vital. Ensuring that everyone understands their roles and the sequence of operations can prevent misunderstandings and errors.

In conclusion, emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations is essential for successful foundation repair. By avoiding common mistakes such as improper placement, overloading, inadequate inspection, improper operation, and poor communication, operators can ensure a safer and more effective repair process. Attention to detail and a commitment to best practices will ultimately lead to better outcomes and lasting results.

Benefits of emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations for long-term foundation stability.


Emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations is crucial for ensuring long-term foundation stability in construction and engineering projects. The benefits of such precision extend beyond immediate operational success and contribute significantly to the durability and reliability of structures over time.

Firstly, precision in hydraulic jack operations ensures accurate load distribution. When lifting or adjusting foundational elements, precise control over the hydraulic jacks guarantees that the load is evenly distributed across the structure. This even distribution minimizes stress concentrations that could lead to structural weaknesses or failures. Over time, this careful load management helps maintain the integrity of the foundation, reducing the risk of cracks, settlements, or other forms of degradation.

Secondly, precise hydraulic operations contribute to the overall alignment and stability of the structure. Misalignments, even minor ones, can lead to significant issues over time. For instance, a slightly misaligned foundation can cause uneven wear and tear on the structure, leading to accelerated deterioration. By ensuring that hydraulic jacks are operated with high precision, engineers can achieve and maintain the desired alignment, which is essential for the long-term stability and performance of the foundation.

Additionally, emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations enhances safety margins. Construction sites are inherently risky, and any deviation from planned operations can pose dangers to workers and the structure itself. Precise control over hydraulic systems reduces the likelihood of accidents such as sudden drops or uneven lifting, which can be hazardous. This not only protects the workforce but also ensures that the structure remains safe and sound throughout its lifecycle.

Moreover, precision in hydraulic operations can lead to cost savings in the long run. While the initial investment in high-precision equipment and training may seem significant, the benefits far outweigh the costs. Structures built with precise foundational work are less likely to require repairs or adjustments in the future. This reduces maintenance costs and extends the lifespan of the structure, providing a return on investment over time.

Lastly, precise hydraulic jack operations foster a culture of excellence and attention to detail within the construction industry. When teams are trained to emphasize precision, they develop a higher standard of workmanship. This attention to detail not only improves the quality of the current project but also sets a benchmark for future endeavors, leading to consistently high-quality outcomes in construction projects.

In conclusion, the benefits of emphasizing precision in hydraulic jack operations for long-term foundation stability are manifold. From ensuring accurate load distribution and alignment to enhancing safety and reducing long-term costs, precision plays a pivotal role in the success and durability of construction projects. By prioritizing precision, engineers and construction professionals can build structures that stand the test of time, providing safety, reliability, and value for years to come.



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Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment.
Precast concrete retaining wall
A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyzes.

Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences.

Geotechnical engineering has applications in military engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, coastal engineering, and offshore construction. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology have overlapping knowledge areas. However, while geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering, engineering geology is a specialty of geology.

History

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Humans have historically used soil as a material for flood control, irrigation purposes, burial sites, building foundations, and construction materials for buildings. Dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least 2000 BCE—found in parts of ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and the early settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley—provide evidence for early activities linked to irrigation and flood control. As cities expanded, structures were erected and supported by formalized foundations. The ancient Greeks notably constructed pad footings and strip-and-raft foundations. Until the 18th century, however, no theoretical basis for soil design had been developed, and the discipline was more of an art than a science, relying on experience.[1]

Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, prompted scientists to begin taking a more scientific-based approach to examining the subsurface. The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls. Henri Gautier, a French royal engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different soils in 1717, an idea later known as the soil's angle of repose. Around the same time, a rudimentary soil classification system was also developed based on a material's unit weight, which is no longer considered a good indication of soil type.[1][2]

The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented as early as 1773 when Charles Coulomb, a physicist and engineer, developed improved methods to determine the earth pressures against military ramparts. Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a sliding retaining wall and suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for design purposes, was the sum of the soil cohesion, , and friction , where is the normal stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle of the soil. By combining Coulomb's theory with Christian Otto Mohr's 2D stress state, the theory became known as Mohr-Coulomb theory. Although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still used in practice today.[3]

In the 19th century, Henry Darcy developed what is now known as Darcy's Law, describing the flow of fluids in a porous media. Joseph Boussinesq, a mathematician and physicist, developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating stresses at depth in the ground. William Rankine, an engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth pressure theory. Albert Atterberg developed the clay consistency indices that are still used today for soil classification.[1][2] In 1885, Osborne Reynolds recognized that shearing causes volumetric dilation of dense materials and contraction of loose granular materials.

Modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the publication of Erdbaumechanik by Karl von Terzaghi, a mechanical engineer and geologist. Considered by many to be the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Terzaghi developed the principle of effective stress, and demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress.[4] Terzaghi also developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, and the theory for prediction of the rate of settlement of clay layers due to consolidation.[1][3][5] Afterwards, Maurice Biot fully developed the three-dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations of Poroelasticity.

In his 1948 book, Donald Taylor recognized that the interlocking and dilation of densely packed particles contributed to the peak strength of the soil. Roscoe, Schofield, and Wroth, with the publication of On the Yielding of Soils in 1958, established the interrelationships between the volume change behavior (dilation, contraction, and consolidation) and shearing behavior with the theory of plasticity using critical state soil mechanics. Critical state soil mechanics is the basis for many contemporary advanced constitutive models describing the behavior of soil.[6]

In 1960, Alec Skempton carried out an extensive review of the available formulations and experimental data in the literature about the effective stress validity in soil, concrete, and rock in order to reject some of these expressions, as well as clarify what expressions were appropriate according to several working hypotheses, such as stress-strain or strength behavior, saturated or non-saturated media, and rock, concrete or soil behavior.

Roles

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Geotechnical investigation

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Main article: Geotechnical investigation

Geotechnical engineers investigate and determine the properties of subsurface conditions and materials. They also design corresponding earthworks and retaining structures, tunnels, and structure foundations, and may supervise and evaluate sites, which may further involve site monitoring as well as the risk assessment and mitigation of natural hazards.[7][8]

Geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists perform geotechnical investigations to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock underlying and adjacent to a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for the repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Geotechnical investigations involve surface and subsurface exploration of a site, often including subsurface sampling and laboratory testing of retrieved soil samples. Sometimes, geophysical methods are also used to obtain data, which include measurement of seismic waves (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves), surface-wave methods and downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar). Electrical tomography can be used to survey soil and rock properties and existing underground infrastructure in construction projects.[9]

Surface exploration can include on-foot surveys, geologic mapping, geophysical methods, and photogrammetry. Geologic mapping and interpretation of geomorphology are typically completed in consultation with a geologist or engineering geologist. Subsurface exploration usually involves in-situ testing (for example, the standard penetration test and cone penetration test). The digging of test pits and trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide planes) may also be used to learn about soil conditions at depth. Large-diameter borings are rarely used due to safety concerns and expense. Still, they are sometimes used to allow a geologist or engineer to be lowered into the borehole for direct visual and manual examination of the soil and rock stratigraphy.

Various soil samplers exist to meet the needs of different engineering projects. The standard penetration test, which uses a thick-walled split spoon sampler, is the most common way to collect disturbed samples. Piston samplers, employing a thin-walled tube, are most commonly used to collect less disturbed samples. More advanced methods, such as the Sherbrooke block sampler, are superior but expensive. Coring frozen ground provides high-quality undisturbed samples from ground conditions, such as fill, sand, moraine, and rock fracture zones.[10]

Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is another method of testing physical-scale models of geotechnical problems. The use of a centrifuge enhances the similarity of the scale model tests involving soil because soil's strength and stiffness are susceptible to the confining pressure. The centrifugal acceleration allows a researcher to obtain large (prototype-scale) stresses in small physical models.

Foundation design

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Main article: Foundation (engineering)

The foundation of a structure's infrastructure transmits loads from the structure to the earth. Geotechnical engineers design foundations based on the load characteristics of the structure and the properties of the soils and bedrock at the site. Generally, geotechnical engineers first estimate the magnitude and location of loads to be supported before developing an investigation plan to explore the subsurface and determine the necessary soil parameters through field and lab testing. Following this, they may begin the design of an engineering foundation. The primary considerations for a geotechnical engineer in foundation design are bearing capacity, settlement, and ground movement beneath the foundations.[11]

Earthworks

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A compactor/roller operated by U.S. Navy Seabees
See also: Earthworks (engineering)

Geotechnical engineers are also involved in the planning and execution of earthworks, which include ground improvement,[11] slope stabilization, and slope stability analysis.

Ground improvement

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Various geotechnical engineering methods can be used for ground improvement, including reinforcement geosynthetics such as geocells and geogrids, which disperse loads over a larger area, increasing the soil's load-bearing capacity. Through these methods, geotechnical engineers can reduce direct and long-term costs.[12]

Slope stabilization

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Simple slope slip section.
Main article: Slope stability

Geotechnical engineers can analyze and improve slope stability using engineering methods. Slope stability is determined by the balance of shear stress and shear strength. A previously stable slope may be initially affected by various factors, making it unstable. Nonetheless, geotechnical engineers can design and implement engineered slopes to increase stability.

Slope stability analysis
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Main article: Slope stability analysis

Stability analysis is needed to design engineered slopes and estimate the risk of slope failure in natural or designed slopes by determining the conditions under which the topmost mass of soil will slip relative to the base of soil and lead to slope failure.[13] If the interface between the mass and the base of a slope has a complex geometry, slope stability analysis is difficult and numerical solution methods are required. Typically, the interface's exact geometry is unknown, and a simplified interface geometry is assumed. Finite slopes require three-dimensional models to be analyzed, so most slopes are analyzed assuming that they are infinitely wide and can be represented by two-dimensional models.

Sub-disciplines

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Geosynthetics

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Main article: Geosynthetics
A collage of geosynthetic products.

Geosynthetics are a type of plastic polymer products used in geotechnical engineering that improve engineering performance while reducing costs. This includes geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes, geocells, and geocomposites. The synthetic nature of the products make them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are required. Their main functions include drainage, filtration, reinforcement, separation, and containment.

Geosynthetics are available in a wide range of forms and materials, each to suit a slightly different end-use, although they are frequently used together. Some reinforcement geosynthetics, such as geogrids and more recently, cellular confinement systems, have shown to improve bearing capacity, modulus factors and soil stiffness and strength.[14] These products have a wide range of applications and are currently used in many civil and geotechnical engineering applications including roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, piled embankments, retaining structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, landfills, bank protection and coastal engineering.[15]

Offshore

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Main article: Offshore geotechnical engineering
Platforms offshore Mexico.

Offshore (or marine) geotechnical engineering is concerned with foundation design for human-made structures in the sea, away from the coastline (in opposition to onshore or nearshore engineering). Oil platforms, artificial islands and submarine pipelines are examples of such structures.[16]

There are a number of significant differences between onshore and offshore geotechnical engineering.[16][17] Notably, site investigation and ground improvement on the seabed are more expensive; the offshore structures are exposed to a wider range of geohazards; and the environmental and financial consequences are higher in case of failure. Offshore structures are exposed to various environmental loads, notably wind, waves and currents. These phenomena may affect the integrity or the serviceability of the structure and its foundation during its operational lifespan and need to be taken into account in offshore design.

In subsea geotechnical engineering, seabed materials are considered a two-phase material composed of rock or mineral particles and water.[18][19] Structures may be fixed in place in the seabed—as is the case for piers, jetties and fixed-bottom wind turbines—or may comprise a floating structure that remains roughly fixed relative to its geotechnical anchor point. Undersea mooring of human-engineered floating structures include a large number of offshore oil and gas platforms and, since 2008, a few floating wind turbines. Two common types of engineered design for anchoring floating structures include tension-leg and catenary loose mooring systems.[20]

Observational method

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First proposed by Karl Terzaghi and later discussed in a paper by Ralph B. Peck, the observational method is a managed process of construction control, monitoring, and review, which enables modifications to be incorporated during and after construction. The method aims to achieve a greater overall economy without compromising safety by creating designs based on the most probable conditions rather than the most unfavorable.[21] Using the observational method, gaps in available information are filled by measurements and investigation, which aid in assessing the behavior of the structure during construction, which in turn can be modified per the findings. The method was described by Peck as "learn-as-you-go".[22]

The observational method may be described as follows:[22]

  1. General exploration sufficient to establish the rough nature, pattern, and properties of deposits.
  2. Assessment of the most probable conditions and the most unfavorable conceivable deviations.
  3. Creating the design based on a working hypothesis of behavior anticipated under the most probable conditions.
  4. Selection of quantities to be observed as construction proceeds and calculating their anticipated values based on the working hypothesis under the most unfavorable conditions.
  5. Selection, in advance, of a course of action or design modification for every foreseeable significant deviation of the observational findings from those predicted.
  6. Measurement of quantities and evaluation of actual conditions.
  7. Design modification per actual conditions

The observational method is suitable for construction that has already begun when an unexpected development occurs or when a failure or accident looms or has already happened. It is unsuitable for projects whose design cannot be altered during construction.[22]

See also

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  • Civil engineering
  • Deep Foundations Institute
  • Earthquake engineering
  • Earth structure
  • Effective stress
  • Engineering geology
  • Geological Engineering
  • Geoprofessions
  • Hydrogeology
  • International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
  • Karl von Terzaghi
  • Land reclamation
  • Landfill
  • Mechanically stabilized earth
  • Offshore geotechnical engineering
  • Rock mass classifications
  • Sediment control
  • Seismology
  • Soil mechanics
  • Soil physics
  • Soil science

 

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Das, Braja (2006). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. Thomson Learning.
  2. ^ a b Budhu, Muni (2007). Soil Mechanics and Foundations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-43117-6.
  3. ^ a b Disturbed soil properties and geotechnical design, Schofield, Andrew N., Thomas Telford, 2006. ISBN 0-7277-2982-9
  4. ^ Guerriero V., Mazzoli S. (2021). "Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review". Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
  5. ^ Soil Mechanics, Lambe, T.William and Whitman, Robert V., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, John Wiley & Sons., 1969. ISBN 0-471-51192-7
  6. ^ Soil Behavior and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Wood, David Muir, Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-33782-8
  7. ^ Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. and Mesri, G. (1996), Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-08658-4
  8. ^ Holtz, R. and Kovacs, W. (1981), An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-484394-0
  9. ^ Deep Scan Tech (2023): Deep Scan Tech uncovers hidden structures at the site of Denmark's tallest building.
  10. ^ "Geofrost Coring". GEOFROST. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  11. ^ a b Han, Jie (2015). Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement. Wiley. ISBN 9781118421307.
  12. ^ RAJU, V. R. (2010). Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Singapore: Research Publishing Services. p. 809. ISBN 978-981-08-3124-0. Ground Improvement – Principles And Applications In Asia.
  13. ^ Pariseau, William G. (2011). Design analysis in rock mechanics. CRC Press.
  14. ^ Hegde, A.M. and Palsule P.S. (2020), Performance of Geosynthetics Reinforced Subgrade Subjected to Repeated Vehicle Loads: Experimental and Numerical Studies. Front. Built Environ. 6:15. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00015/full.
  15. ^ Koerner, Robert M. (2012). Designing with Geosynthetics (6th Edition, Vol. 1 ed.). Xlibris. ISBN 9781462882892.
  16. ^ a b Dean, E.T.R. (2010). Offshore Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practice. Thomas Telford, Reston, VA, 520 p.
  17. ^ Randolph, M. and Gourvenec, S., 2011. Offshore geotechnical engineering. Spon Press, N.Y., 550 p.
  18. ^ Das, B.M., 2010. Principles of geotechnical engineering. Cengage Learning, Stamford, 666 p.
  19. ^ Atkinson, J., 2007. The mechanics of soils and foundations. Taylor & Francis, N.Y., 442 p.
  20. ^ Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Responses in a Sea state – Pareto Optimal Designs and Economic Assessment, P. Sclavounos et al., October 2007.
  21. ^ Nicholson, D, Tse, C and Penny, C. (1999). The Observational Method in ground engineering – principles and applications. Report 185, CIRIA, London.
  22. ^ a b c Peck, R.B (1969). Advantages and limitations of the observational method in applied soil mechanics, Geotechnique, 19, No. 1, pp. 171-187.

References

[edit]
  • Bates and Jackson, 1980, Glossary of Geology: American Geological Institute.
  • Krynine and Judd, 1957, Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics: McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Ventura, Pierfranco, 2019, Fondazioni, Volume 1, Modellazioni statiche e sismiche, Hoepli, Milano
[edit]
  • Worldwide Geotechnical Literature Database
 
 
 
 

 

Look up foundation or foundations in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Foundation(s) or The Foundation(s) may refer to:

Common uses

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  • Foundation (cosmetics), a skin-coloured makeup cream applied to the face
  • Foundation (engineering), the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground
  • Foundation (evidence), a legal term
  • Foundation (nonprofit), a type of charitable organization
    • Foundation (United States law), a type of charitable organization in the U.S.
    • Private foundation, a charitable organization that might not qualify as a public charity by government standards

Arts, entertainment, and media

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Film and TV

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  • The Foundation, a film about 1960s-1970s Aboriginal history in Sydney, featuring Gary Foley
  • The Foundation (1984 TV series), a Hong Kong series
  • The Foundation (Canadian TV series), a 2009–2010 Canadian sitcom
  • "The Foundation" (Seinfeld), an episode
  • Foundation (TV series), an Apple TV+ series adapted from Isaac Asimov's novels

Games

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  • Foundation (video game), a city-building game (2025)
  • Foundation, an Amiga video game
  • The Foundation, a character in 2017 game Fortnite Battle Royale

Literature

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  • Foundation (book series), a series of science fiction books by Isaac Asimov
    • Foundation (Asimov novel), the first book in Asimov's series, published in 1951
  • Foundation (b-boy book), by Joseph G. Schloss
  • Foundation (Lackey novel), a 2008 fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey

Music

[edit]
  • The Foundations, a British soul group
  • Foundations (EP), by Serj Tankian

Albums

[edit]
  • Foundation (Brand Nubian album)
  • Foundation (Breakage album)
  • Foundation (Doc Watson album)
  • Foundation (Magnum album)
  • Foundation (M.O.P. album)
  • Foundation, a 1997 compilation album by Die Krupps
  • The Foundation (Geto Boys album)
  • The Foundation (Pep Love album), 2005
  • The Foundation (Zac Brown Band album)
  • The Foundations (album), by 4 Corners

Songs

[edit]
  • "Foundation", a 1983 song by Spandau Ballet from the album True
  • "Foundation", a 1998 song by Brand Nubian from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2009 song by M.O.P. from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2010 song by Breakage from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2015 song by Years & Years from Communion
  • "Foundations" (song), by Kate Nash
  • "The Foundation" (song), by Xzibit

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

[edit]
  • Foundation – The International Review of Science Fiction, a literary journal
  • The Foundation Trilogy (BBC Radio), a radio adaption of Asimov's series
  • The SCP Foundation, a fictional organization that is often referred to in-universe as "The Foundation"

Education

[edit]
  • Foundation degree, a British academic qualification
  • Foundation school, a type of school in England and Wales
  • Foundation Stage, a stage of education for children aged 3 to 5 in England
  • University Foundation Programme, a British university entrance course

Science and technology

[edit]
  • Foundation (framework), a free collection of tools for creating websites and web applications by ZURB
  • Foundation Fieldbus, a communications system
  • Foundation Kit, an Apple API

Companies

[edit]
  • Foundation Medicine, a genomic profiling company

See also

[edit]
  • All pages with titles beginning with Foundation
  • All pages with titles beginning with The Foundation
  • Foundations of mathematics, theory of mathematics

A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building, which holds the weight of the elements above it, by conducting its weight to a foundation structure below it.

Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction. The development of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture allowed structures to maintain an open interior space, transferring more weight to the buttresses instead of to central bearing walls. In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing". In the birth of the skyscraper era, the concurrent rise of steel as a more suitable framing system first designed by William Le Baron Jenney, and the limitations of load-bearing construction in large buildings, led to a decline in the use of load-bearing walls in large-scale commercial structures.

Description

[edit]

A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building — that is, it bears the weight of the elements above said wall, resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure.[1] The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick. By contrast, a curtain wall provides no significant structural support beyond what is necessary to bear its own materials or conduct such loads to a bearing wall.[2]

History

[edit]

Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction.[3] The development of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture allowed structures to maintain an open interior space, transferring more weight to the buttresses instead of to central bearing walls. The Notre Dame Cathedral is an example of a load-bearing wall structure with flying buttresses.[4]

Application

[edit]

Depending on the type of building and the number of floors, load-bearing walls are gauged to the appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them. Without doing so, it is possible that an outer wall could become unstable if the load exceeds the strength of the material used, potentially leading to the collapse of the structure. The primary function of this wall is to enclose or divide space of the building to make it more functional and useful. It provides privacy, affords security, and gives protection against heat, cold, sun or rain.[5]

Housing

[edit]

In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing", and each load-bearing wall sits on a wall sill plate which is mated to the lowest base plate. The sills are bolted to the masonry or concrete foundation.[6]

A beam of PSL lumber installed to replace a load-bearing wall at the first floor of a three-story building.

The top plate or ceiling plate is the top of the wall, which sits just below the platform of the next floor (at the ceiling). The base plate or floor plate is the bottom attachment point for the wall studs. Using a top plate and a bottom plate, a wall can be constructed while it lies on its side, allowing for end-nailing of the studs between two plates, and then the finished wall can be tipped up vertically into place atop the wall sill; this not only improves accuracy and shortens construction time, but also produces a stronger wall.

Skyscrapers

[edit]
The Chicago Willis Tower uses a bundle of tube structures which, in turn, include numerous outer wall columns.

Due to the immense weight of skyscrapers, the base and walls of the lower floors must be extremely strong. Pilings are used to anchor the building to the bedrock underground. For example, the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building as well as the world's tallest structure, uses specially treated and mixed reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 cubic metres (59,000 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 t (120,000 short tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile being 1.5 m diameter × 43 m long (4.9 ft × 141 ft) and buried more than 50 m (160 ft) deep.[7]

See also

[edit]
  • Column – in most larger, multi-storey buildings, vertical loads are primarily borne by columns / pillars instead of structural walls
  • Tube frame structure – Some of the world's tallest skyscrapers use load-bearing outer frames – be it single tube (e.g. the old WTC Twin Towers), or bundled tube (e.g. the Willis Tower or the Burj Khalifa)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "How to Identify a Load-Bearing Wall". Lifehacker. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  2. ^ "Load-bearing wall". www.designingbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  3. ^ Montaner, Carme (2021-03-31). "8º Simposio Iberoamericano de Historia de la Cartografía. El mapa como elemento de conexión cultural entre América y Europa. Barcelona, 21 y 22 de octubre del 2020". Investigaciones Geográficas (104). doi:10.14350/rig.60378. ISSN 2448-7279. S2CID 233611245.
  4. ^ Mendes, Gilmar de Melo (2012). El equilibrio de la arquitectura organizativa desde el enfoque de agencia: estudio de un caso (Thesis). Universidad de Valladolid. doi:10.35376/10324/921.
  5. ^ "7 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS A BUILDING WALL SHOULD SATISFY". CivilBlog.Org. 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  6. ^ "What is Platform Framing? (with pictures)". wiseGEEK. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  7. ^ "Burj Khalifa, Dubai | 182168". Emporis. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
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Things To Do in Cook County

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Sand Ridge Nature Center

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Palmisano (Henry) Park

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Reviews for

Jeffery James

(5)

Very happy with my experience. They were prompt and followed through, and very helpful in fixing the crack in my foundation.

Sarah McNeily

(5)

USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

Jim de Leon

(5)

It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

Chris Abplanalp

(5)

USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

Dave Kari

(5)

What a fantastic experience! Owner Rick Thomas is a trustworthy professional. Nick and the crew are hard working, knowledgeable and experienced. I interviewed every company in the area, big and small. A homeowner never wants to hear that they have foundation issues. Out of every company, I trusted USS the most, and it paid off in the end. Highly recommend.

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